Acuicultura simbiótica y estatus de salud de los organismos
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La acuicultura simbiótica está íntimamente relacionada con la bioseguridad de los cultivos acuícolas. La cual representa un tema capital en los procesos de producción. La mala calidad de agua y la afección por enfermedades se han identificado como los mayores causantes de baja productividad. Así como de una baja supervivencia en cultivos de todo el mundo. En este artículo expondremos los principales mecanismos que intervienen en los cultivos simbióticos para la mejora del estatus de salud de los organismos acuícolas.
De vuelta al origen con acuicultura simbiótica
En la década de los noventa, la acuicultura se caracterizaba por una fuerte dependencia de productos químicos. Se utilizaban grandes dosis de fertilizantes inorgánicos para aumentar la productividad primaria en los estanques. También productos para tratamiento de pisos y taludes contra amenazas biológicas. Y por último antibióticos entre los que se encontraban la oxitetraciclina o el florfenicol. Sin embargo, las últimas investigaciones han demostrado que las bacterias “beneficiosas” son muy importantes.
La relevancia de los procesos bacterianos y las funciones que realiza el microbioma del estanque están a penas descubriéndose. Pero lo que sí sabemos es que tienen una importancia crucial en la supervivencia y crecimiento de los organismos acuáticos. Por ello, la premisa actual es permitir que el cultivo (paredes, piso, agua y organismo) sean colonizados por bacterias beneficiosas y microorganismos del plancton. Estas se establecerán las relaciones ecológicas necesarias para impedir la acción de los agentes oportunistas patógenos.
Maduración del agua en acuicultura simbiótica
Este proceso es imprescindible en tecnología simbiótica y garante de un ambiente saludable para los organismos acuáticos. Madurar el agua del estanque significa durante un periodo de 10 a 15 días antes de sembrar, aplicar algunas sustancias tales como fermentos con probióticos. Las bacterias probióticas colonizarán todo el espacio del estanque. Generarán un efecto conocido como “exclusión competitiva” con respecto a los agentes patógenos. Los patógenos, son microorganismos oportunistas, y es cuando no hay presencia de bacterias beneficiosas es cuando pueden ejercer su acción dañina.
Generación de polímeros bacterianos
Algunas de las bacterias que están presentes en los bioflóculos tal como Bacillus sp, Alcalígenes sp o Pseudomonas sp son capaces de generar ciertos polímeros antibactarianos. Uno de ellos es el polihidroxibutirato (PHB). Esta sustancia ejerce un marcado efecto antagónico contra ciertas especies de Vibrio sp (Avnimelech 2015 De Schryver 2008). Esto lo convierten en un gran aliado contra enfermedades. Avnimelech habla en su libro “Biofloc technology” de la importancia de este polímero y su ayuda a controlar ciertas enfermedades en peces y camarones.
Generación de ácidos orgánicos de cadena corta
Tanto las bacterias presentes en los bioflóculos bacterianos como las bacterias que se usan en la elaboración de fermentos en acuicultura simbiótica generan sustancias beneficiosas. Esto es tras un proceso de fermentación. Se trata de moléculas orgánicas tal como ácido butírico, valérico, propiónico, fórmico, acético o láctico entre otros. No solo las bacterias del grupo acidolácticas (Pediococcus sp o Lactobacillus sp) son capaces de generar estos metabolitos secundarios. Sino otras tan importantes en acuicultura simbiótica tal como Bacillus subtilis.
Estos ácidos orgánicos son en realidad la molécula orgánica final aceptora de electrones. Esto sucede en la cadena de transporte durante el metabolismo fermentativo en puesto del oxígeno en los procesos respiratorios. Por ello, es muy importante no airear “los fermentos”. Si hubiera aireación dejarían de serlo y no habría una producción de estos metabolitos tan interesantes. Los ácidos orgánicos de cadena corta ejercen una acción antibacteriana muy potente. Y combaten a un gran número de especies de Vibrio sp y otras bacterias patógenas (Defroit et al 2006).
Mecanismos de defensa a nivel fisiológico en acuicultura simbiótica
Ekasari et al 2014 y Xu y Pan 2013 comprobaron que el cultivo de organismos acuáticos en ambientes con biofloculos genera ciertos efectos altamente protectores de la salud. Entre ellos encontraron un incremento en los hemocitos totales de los organismos. También el aumento en la actividad fagocítica de los mismos. Se observó un aumento en la actividad de la enzima prophenoloxidasa (proPO). Esta está relacionada con la defensa antioxidante. Se genera un aumento de la actividad “explosión oxidativa” que es un mecanismo relacionado con la defensa microbiana. También se comprobó que la presencia de bioflóculos bacterianos generaba un aumento en la supervivencia a enfermedades tal como la producida por virus myonecrosis (IMNV). Estos son algunos de los efectos que actúan a nivel fisiológico pero cada año se descubren nuevos mecanismos de defensa gracias a la acción de los bioflóculos.
En tecnologías simbióticas existentes son: tecnología biofloc, tecnología aquamimicry y tecnología BAF (bioaquafloc) que es un híbrido de las dos primeras. En todas ellas se forman igualmente bioflóculos.
Nulo recambio de agua con tecnología simbiótica
A todos estos mecanismos descritos hay que sumarle uno de los efectos más evidentes y obvios en el manejo de tecnología simbiótica y que puede que genere el efecto más potente de todos. En la tecnología simbiótica no se realizan recambios de agua. El tratamiento de la misma con fermentos y probióticos permite su mantenimiento. Además con unas características fisicoquímicas y biológicas adecuadas durante todo el tiempo de cultivo. El 90% de los patógenos que entran en los tanques de cultivo lo hacen por el agua de recambio. De manera que si se limitan o eliminan totalmente los recambios de agua se genera una disminución drástica de la entrada de patógenos al cultivo.
Bacterias probióticas y levaduras en acuicultura simbiótica
Por último, es obligado comentar el efecto que genera en los organismos de cultivo el uso de bacterias probióticas y levaduras en tecnología simbiótica. Las bacterias probióticas tienen un marcado efecto protector a nivel intestinal. El primer mecanismo que ejercen es la acidificación del medio intestinal lo cual impide el desarrollo de patógenos. También estimulan el crecimiento de la mucosa intestinal lo que refuerza esta barrera natural. Además generan una mayor área de absorción de nutrientes lo cual repercute en un beneficio obvio para el crecimiento del animal. La generación de ciertas enzimas y vitaminas se conoce como mecanismo clave en la acción probiótica de estas bacterias.
Por último, se generan una acción de restablecimiento de la flora intestinal. Esto es de suma importancia en animales poiquilotermos con tendencia a desprenderse de las bacterias intestinales. Por otra parte, existe un efecto inmunoestimulante muy importante que ejercen bacterias y levaduras. Este efecto lo desencadena ciertas moléculas presentes en la pared de bacterias (lipopolisacáridos) y levaduras (betaglucanos). Estas sustancias son reconocidas por el sistema inmune no específico de peces y crustáceos. Y el efecto es el despliegue de una respuesta inmune que protege al animal en el caso de entrada de un patógeno real.
Conclusiones del uso acuicultura simbiótica respecto de la bioseguridad
Como conclusión, sabemos que los mecanismos de defensa contra enfermedades son muchos y variados cuando en el agua del estanque hay presencia de bacterias y levaduras beneficiosas.
El grupo BIOAQUAFLOC está realizando algunos ensayos en Colombia con alevines de peces amazónicos. En breve comenzarán dos proyectos más en Perú en colaboración con algunos CITES acuícolas en la misma línea. La investigación es pues nuestra mejor arma contra las enfermedades y para la obtención de mayores grados de bioseguridad en la industria acuícola.
CITAS
Avnimelech, Y. 2015. Biolfocs Tehcnology-A practical Guide Book, 3rd Edition. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. United States.
Defoirdt, T., Halet, D., Sorgeloos, P., Bossier, P., & Verstraete, W. (2006). Short-chain fatty acids protect gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana from pathogenic Vibrio campbellii. Aquaculture, 261(2), 804-808.
De Schryver, P., Crab, R., Defoirdt, T., Boon, N., & Verstraete, W. (2008). The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3-4), 125-137.
Ekasari, J., Angela, D., Waluyo, S. H., Bachtiar, T., Surawidjaja, E. H., Bossier, P., & De Schryver, P. (2014). The size of biofloc determines the nutritional composition and the nitrogen recovery by aquaculture animals.Aquaculture, 426, 105-111.
Xu, W. J., & Pan, L. Q. (2013). Enhancement of immune response and antioxidant status of Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile in biofloc-based culture tanks manipulating high C/N ratio of feed input. Aquaculture, 412, 117-124.
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