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Acuicultura extensiva simbiótica: Cuando se habla de tecnologías simbióticas se tiene a pensar en cultivos acuícolas híper intensivos automatizados con un alto porcentaje de bioflóculos y altas densidades de siembra.
Sin embargo, no siempre es así. Fue en el otoño del 2018 cuando se comenzaron a realizar pruebas de aplicación de la tecnología simbiótica híbrida BAF (bioaquafloc) en estanques en Centroamérica con extraordinarios resultados entre los que cuenta la reducción de los costos de producción, cero recambio de agua, disminución del factor de conversión del alimento y disminución drástica de afección por enfermedades. Desde entonces, la acuicultura Aextensiva simbiótica se ha expandido en este ámbito creando una potente comunión entre cultivos más naturales extensivos y tecnología simbiótica de punta.
Limitaciones de los cultivos extensivos clásicos
Un cultivo extensivo se caracteriza principalmente por tener lugar en estanques de cierto tamaño (>1 hectárea), de tierra, sin extracción de sólidos, ni aireación. La calidad del agua depende exclusivamente de la tasa de recambio de agua que se aplique. La proliferación explosiva de microalgas en estos sistemas es persistente generando condiciones de anoxia en la madrugada. Al igual sucede durante días nublados, evento más intenso conforme menor sea la radiación solar.
El sistema extensivo se caracteriza también por generar altos costos de bombeo y recambio de agua. Están afectados recurrente por agentes patógenos (introducidos en los recambios de agua). Por último, la densidad de siembra en cultivos simbióticos es muy baja. Este hecho se ha visto acentuado en los últimos años en Centroamérica. Esto fue debido a la afección por enfermedades y a la pésima calidad de agua. De manera que se optó por descender aún más la densidad de siembra que ya era baja 15 camarones/m2, para pasar a 5 o incluso 2 camarones/m2 lo cual lastra enormemente la productividad de las granjas.
Acuicultura extensiva simbiótica
Desde 2018 Bioaquafloc lleva testando cultivos extensivos donde se aplica la tecnología simbiótica para probar sus bondades. Las pruebas fueron realizadas en estanques gestionados por esta misma empresa en Lepanto y en otras fincas del Golfo de Nicoya en Puntarenas de Costa Rica y se exponen regularmente en el canal de YouTube bioaquafloc de dicha compañía. El aporte de la tecnología BAF al sistema clásico ha sido amplio y ha venido a rediseñar un sistema tradicional acuícola para convertirlo en una nueva tecnología. Las novedades de esta nueva acuicultura simbiótica extensiva se concretan en:
Maduración del agua
1º. Realización de una adecuada maduración del agua donde no se usan fertilizantes químicos sino fermentos de cereales, melaza con levadura y soya. El uso de fertilizantes químicos de sales de nitrógeno o fósforo es contraproducente e incluso peligroso. Es importante desmitificar su uso como propulsores de alimento natural. Lo único que promueven son los blooms de microalgas tan peligrosos para la viabilidad del cultivo. En cambio, la fertilización con fermentos orgánicos promueve que el sistema sea controlado por bacterias y zooplanton, dando un giro de los antiguos cultivos verdes autótrofos a cultivos beiges o color café. Estos son ahora ricos en zooplanton y bacterias probióticas, heterotóficos y donde la concentración de oxígeno disuelto es constante y suficiente durante todo el día y la noche.
Control de los parámetros de calidad de agua
2º. Realización de un exhaustivo control de los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua. Esto es, se establece una cultura de análisis y control del agua, midiendo los parámetros de calidad de agua. Se interviene aplicando sustancias orgánicas ricas en carbono (fermentos y melaza) para corregir la posible acumulación de sustancias nitrogenadas. También puede aplicarse carbonato de calcio para corregir bajos niveles de pH. Los fermentos por sí solos corrigen los valores altos de pH.
Adición de fermentos orgánicos
3º. Otro aspecto que se lleva a cabo en acuicultura extensiva simbiótica es la adición regular de fermentos de cereales con probióticos y fermentos de melaza con levadura. Estos fermentos mantienen no solo la calidad de agua, sino que soportan la comunidad de microorganismos beneficiosos autótrofos que alimentan de manera natural a peces y camarones.
Ventajas de la acuicultura extensiva simbiótica
Tras años de experimentación en campo esta nueva tecnología en extensivo se han obtenido importantes avances que pueden ser ejemplificados en algunas de las fincas de Centroamérica. Puede observarse el caso de la camaronera Cerrromar. S. A. en Colorado, Costa Rica donde se ha estado aplicando acuicultura extensiva simbiótica en los últimos años: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYvXUc9gabo&t=158s).
Los principales beneficios que experimentan las fincas que aplican acuicultura extensiva simbiótica son los siguientes:
i) Cese de los recambios de agua por lo que se genera un importante ahorro en combustible fósil y disminución de la huella de carbono.
ii) Disminución de la afección por enfermedades debido a que no ingresan tantos patógenos al limitar los recambios de agua
iii) la aplicación de fermentos los cuales contienen una gran concentración de ciertas enzimas como la celulasa, evita la generación de blooms de microalgas.
iv) La generación de ácidos orgánicos de cadena corta generados en los fermentos actúa como antibióticos naturales y regulan el pH del estanque.
v) Las levaduras que se aportan en los fermentos, generan una acción inmunoestimuladora y retiran parte del nitrógeno amoniacal total de la columna de agua.
vi) Los fermentos suponen alimento predigerido que es el sostén de los microorganismos beneficiosos del estanque sirviendo de alimento a los animales de cultivo. Con ello el Factor de Conversión del Alimento se reduce cercano o por debajo de 1.
vii) Por último, la alta concentración de probióticos y bacterias como Bacillus subtilis que se multiplican en gran número en los fermentos (hasta 1014 ufc) degradan la materia orgánica de pisos y mudas de camarón. Además, tienen un efecto positivo en el tracto digestivo de peces y camarones.
viii) la densidad de camarón puede aumentar hasta 25-30 camarones/m2 sin necesidad de asistir con aireación ni iextracción de sólidos.
Conclusiones del cultivo en acuicultura extensiva simbiótica
Los acuicultores que desarrollan e implementan la acuicultura extensiva simbiótica en sus fincas experimentan un drástico descenso de los costos de producción, observan un crecimiento mucho mayor de sus organismos, sin afección por enfermedades, cultivan a mayor densidad y reducen los ciclos de engorda.
La acuicultura extensiva simbiótica puede ser aplicada tanto para peces o camarones de agua dulce como marina. En camarinocultura, con Litopenaeus vannamei, se ha llegado a cuantificar cosechas de 1400 kg/ha y ciclo aplicando fermentos en acuicultura extensiva simbiótica. El cambio de modelo productivo hacia otro más sostenible, más productivo y de mayor rendimiento está al alcance de cualquier acuicultor. En bioaquafloc nos encargamos de transmitir este conocimiento en cursos y capacitaciones mensuales que están reinventando la manera de producir en acuicultura y haciéndola extraordinariamente rentable (para más información escribir al correo: bioaquafloc@gmail.com).
Por último, otras técnicas novedosas como la aplicación de tierra de diatomeas, péptidos de fabricación propia, bocashi, fermentos de cereales o generación de alimento predigerido están a la vanguardia de los avances en acuicultura. Estas nuevas técnicas y tecnologías marcan la diferencia entre la acuicultura clásica y la acuicultura simbiótica más avanzada, sostenible y rentable.
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The BAF technology has made a significant contribution to the standard system and has directed the redesign of an established aquaculture method to develop new technology.
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Claro!, con mucho gusto
Aquí pueden encontrar toda la información acerca del curso donde les enseñamos a crear técnicas y tecnologías simbióticas
https://www.bioaquafloc.com/product/curso-1-en-tecnologia-simbiotica/
Un cordial saludo
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Buenas noches mi consulta es saber hasta ¿cuantos peces de tilapia por m² puede aguantar en extensiva simbiotica?
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Estimado Compaleno, hemos llegado a 10 animales/m3 en extensivo con simbiótica